The Passive Voice (La voz
pasiva)
Hasta ahora
hemos hablado de la voz activa donde enfocamos la acción del verbo en el
sujeto. Pero cuando queremos dar más importancia a la acción y no a quien la ha
hecho, utilizamos la voz pasiva.
- Ejemplos:
- La voz activa
- He ate all of the cookies. (Comió todas las galletas.)
- La voz pasiva
- All of the cookies were eaten. (Todas las galletas fueron comidas.)
Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)
Se forma la
voz pasiva con el verbo auxiliar "to be" y el participio
pasado del verbo.
Estructura
Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + participio pasado.
- Ejemplos:
- The speech is written for the president. (El discurso está escrito para el presidente.)
- The house was built in 1975. (La casa fue construida en 1975.)
- My wallet has been stolen. (Ha sido robada mi cartera.)
- The room will be cleaned while we are out. (Se limpiará la habitación mientras estemos fuera.)
Para
transformar una oración activa a pasiva tenemos en cuenta los siguientes
puntos:
- El objeto de la oración activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva.
- El verbo principal se sustituye por el auxiliar "to be", en su mismo tiempo, junto al verbo principal en participio.
- El sujeto de la oración principal pasa a ser complemento agente de la pasiva
- Si hacemos mención en la oración del sujeto que realiza la acción (sujeto agente), este irá normalmente introducido por la preposición "by".
- Ejemplos:
- Mark Twain wrote the book. → The book was written by Mark Twain.
- The housekeeper will clean the room. → The room will be cleanedby the housekeeper.
Uses (Usos)
- Usamos la voz pasiva cuando no sabemos quien ha hecho la acción.
- Ejemplos:
- A civilian has been killed. (Un civil ha sido asesinado.)
- The car wasstolen. (El coche fue robado.)
- Usamos la voz pasiva cuando queremos dar importancia a lo que pasó, más que a quién hizo la acción o cuando no queremos decir quien lo hizo.
- Ejemplos:
- The letter was delivered yesterday. (La carta fue entregada ayer.)
- A mistakewasmade. (Un error fue cometido.)
La voz pasiva en inglés se utiliza
en general en registros escritos, en artículos científicos y documentos
técnicos, pero también en periódicos u otros documentos formales.
Normalmente nos centramos en los
agentes que protagonizan las acciones, sinembargo, la voz pasiva nos permite
hablar de objetos, procesos o personas que son sujetos pasivos de acciones
emprendidas por otras personas, y de esta manera darles protagonismo en nuestro
discurso.
En la lección de hoy nos
centraremos en las características formales de la voz pasiva y la semana que
viene hablaremos de los usos específicos de esta estructura.
Forma
La voz pasiva en inglés es una
forma compuesta por el verbo auxiliar TO BE (que es solamente una herramienta
gramatical sin significado propio) y el participio pasado del verbo principal:
Application
forms are sent by email. (Literalmente: las
solicitudes son enviadas por email.)
The
car was washed yesterday. (Literalmente: El coche
fue lavado ayer)
Para formar la voz
pasiva se utiliza la siguiente estructura:.
Objeto (hace de Sujeto) + verbo "to be" conjugado + participio
pasado + complemento.
Porejemplo:
This
house was built in 1980.
Esta casa fue construida en 1980.
|
Activa
|
Pasiva
|
He lovesher.
|
She is loved (by him)
|
Él la ama.
|
Ella es amada (por él).
|
Theymaketoys.
|
Toys are made by them
|
Ellos hacen juguetes.
|
Los juguetes son hechos.
|
He killedthem.
|
They were killed (by him).
|
Él los mató.
|
Ellos fueron asesinados (por él).
|
He has saidit.
|
It has been said (by him).
|
Él lo ha dicho.
|
Se ha dicho (por él).
|
Cuestiones generales sobre la voz pasiva
· La voz pasiva se utiliza mucho más en
inglés que en español.
· La voz pasiva se utiliza más en el lenguaje
periodístico y científico que en el coloquial.
· También la voz pasiva se utiliza para poner
mensajes en lugares públicos. Por ejemplos: Dogs are notallowed. No se
permiten perros. Algunas veces se suprime el verbo "to be". Por
ejemplo: Helpwanted [helpguanted]. Se necesitan empleados.
· La expresiones con "se" tales
como: "se dice, se habla, etc.; se expresan en inglés con la voz
pasiva así: Itissaid [IrIs sed], Itisspoken [Itisspouken], etc.
|
Simple Present
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
writes
|
aletter.
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
iswritten
|
by Rita.
|
|
Simple Past
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
wrote
|
aletter.
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
waswritten
|
by Rita.
|
|
PresentPerfect
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
has written
|
aletter.
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
has beenwritten
|
by Rita.
|
|
Future I
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
willwrite
|
aletter.
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
will be written
|
by Rita.
|
|
Hilfsverben
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
can write
|
aletter.
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
can be written
|
by Rita
|
Tense
|
Subject
|
Verb
|
Object
|
|
PresentProgressive
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
iswriting
|
aletter.
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
isbeingwritten
|
by Rita.
|
|
PastProgressive
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
waswriting
|
aletter.
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
wasbeingwritten
|
by Rita.
|
|
PastPerfect
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
hadwritten
|
aletter.
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
hadbeenwritten
|
by Rita.
|
|
Future II
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
willhavewritten
|
aletter.
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
willhavebeenwritten
|
by Rita.
|
|
Conditional I
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
wouldwrite
|
aletter.
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
would be written
|
by Rita.
|
|
Conditional II
|
Active:
|
Rita
|
wouldhavewritten
|
aletter.
|
Passive:
|
A letter
|
wouldhavebeenwritten
|
by Rita.
|
Rewrite the sentences using
a passive form.
|
|
1. IFL boughtNessafe.
|
|
Nessafe had been bought by IFL.
|
|
Nessafe was bought by IFL.
|
|
Nessafe is bought by IFL.
|
|
|
|
2. Fred askedSimon.
|
|
Simon was asked by Fred.
|
|
Simon had been asked by Fred
|
|
Simon is asked by Fred.
|
|
|
|
3. Caroline
paid for the meal.
|
|
The meal is paid for by Caroline.
|
|
The meal has been paid for by Caroline.
|
|
The meal was paid for by Caroline
|
|
|
|
4. Harry
will meet you at the airport.
|
|
You will have been met by Harry at the airport.
|
|
You will be met by Harry at the airport.
|
|
You would be met by Harry at the airport.
|
|
|
|
5. Tom respectsLindsay'sopinion.
|
|
Lindsay's opinion would be respected by Tom.
|
|
Lindsay's opinion was respected by Tom.
|
|
Lindsay's opinion is respected by Tom.
|
|
|
|
6. Jane
upset me by what she said.
|
|
I would be upset by what Jane said.
|
|
I was upset by what Jane said.
|
|
I would have been upset by what Jane said.
|
|
|
|
7. I'm
going to inform John later today.
|
|
John would be informed by me later today.
|
|
John was informed by me later today.
|
|
John is going to be informed by me later today.
|
|
|
|
8. Thepolicearrested 12 people.
|
|
12 people were arrested by the police.
|
|
12 people have been arrested by the police.
|
|
12 people should be arrested by the police.
|
|
|
|
9. Shiela
might come to see you tomorrow.
|
|
You might be visited by Shiela tomorrow.
|
|
You will might be visited by Shiela tomorrow.
|
|
You would be visited by Shiela tomorrow.
|
|
|
|
10. Frank
Sinatra sang My Way..
|
|
My Way was sung by Frank Sinatra.
|
|
My Way had been sung by Frank Sinatra.
|
|
My Way would be sung by Frank Sinatra.
|
FIRST CONDITIONAL
Se forma con if + simple present + simple
future. Se empleacuandounasituaciónes real o posible: If it rains today, I'll
stay at home. Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos traducidos.
Ifclause
|
Mainclause
|
If + Present tense
|
will / can / may / must + verb
|
Ifitrainstoday,
|
I'llstay at home
|
- If it rains today, I'll stay at home.
Si llueve hoy, me quedaré en casa. - If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow.
Si está ocupado ahora, regresaré mañana. - If I have time, I'll visit my parents this
afternoon.
Si tengo tiempo, visitaré a mis padres esta tarde. - If it is warm tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.
Si está caluroso mañana, iremos a la playa. - If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes.
Si está frío, debes usar ropa abrigada. - If he doesn't do his homework, he can not go
to the party.
Si él no hace su tarea, no puede ir a la fiesta. - If she doesn't call you, you can call her.
Si ella no te llama, tú puedes llamarla. - If you work hard, you may become a millonaire
someday.
Si trabajas duro, puede que te conviertas en un millonario algún día. - If you spend more than you earn, you'll become
a poor man.
Si gastas más de lo que ganas, te convertirás en un hombre pobre. - If they don't invite you, you must not go.
Si ellos no te invitan, no debes ir. - If we don't hurry, we'll miss our bus.
Si no nos apuramos, perderemos nuestro autobus. - If you pay now, you'll get a discount.
Si pagas ahora, obtendrás un descuento. - If they don't want to go out, they can stay
home.
Si no quieren salir, se pueden quedar en casa. - If you drink too much, you'll get drunk.
Si bebes demasiado, te emborracharás. - If you feel sick, you must stay in bed.
Si te sientes enfermo, debes quedarte en cama. - If they don't come here, we'll have to go
there.
Si ellos no vienen aquí, tendremos que ir allí.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
Refiere a una situación hipotética y se forma según la estructura if +
simple past + simple condicional. Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos traducidos.
Ifclause
|
Mainclause
|
If + Past Simple
|
would / could / might + verb
|
If I won the lottery,
|
I would travel around the world.
|
- If I won the lottery, I would travel around
the world.
Si ganara la lotería, viajaría por todo el mundo. - If I were in Brazil, I would go to Rio de
Janeiro.
Si yo estuviera en Brasil, iría a Río de Janeiro. - If I were you, I would buy that car.
Si yo fuera tú, compraría ese auto. - If he were in my place, he wouldn't do this.
Si él estuviera en mi lugar, no haría esto. - If I had more money, I would buy a nice
apartment.
Si yo tuviera más dinero, me compraría un lindo apartamento. - If she had more time, she would travel more
often.
Si ella tuviera más tiempo, viajaría más a menudo. - If it were not raining, we could go out.
Si no estuviera lloviendo, podríamos salir. - If we didn't have to work today, we could have
a picnic.
Si no tuviéramos que trabajar hoy, podríamos tener un picnic. - If they won the lottery, they wouldn't work
anymore.
Si ellos ganaran la lotería, no trabajarían más. - If I saw her, I would ask her out.
Si la viera, la invitaría a salir. - If you went to Brazil, you wouldn't want to
come back.
Si fueras a Brazil, no querrías regresar. - If they spoke Spanish, we would understand
them.
Si ellos hablaran en español, los entenderíamos. - If he didn't live by the river, he couldn't go
fishing.
Si el no viviera cerca del río, no podría ir a pescar. - If I didn't want to go, I would tell you.
Si no quisiera ir, te lo diría. - If they worked for that company, they might
have better salaries.
Si ellos trabajaran para esa compañía, podrían tener mejores sueldos. - If she wrote a book, it would be a
best-seller.
Si ella escribiera un libro, sería un best-seller.
ThirdConditional, también
-Type III- Refiere a una situación hipotética del pasado y se forma según la
estructura: if + pastperfect + conditionalperfect. Aquí tienes algunos ejemplos
traducidos.
Ifclause
|
Mainclause
|
If + PastPerfect tense
|
would/could/might + have + past participle
|
If I had won the lottery,
|
I would have traveled around the world.
|
- If I had won the lottery, I would have
traveled around the world.
Si yo hubiera ganado la lotería, habría viajado por todo el mundo. - If I had seen him, I would have told him about
you.
Si lo hubiera visto, le habría contado acerca de ti. - If I had known the answer, I would have raised
my hand.
Si hubiera sabido la respuesta, habría levantado mi mano. - If she had come on Saturday, I would have seen
her.
Si ella hubiera venido el sábado, la habría visto. - If they had left earlier, they would have
arrived on time.
Si ellos hubiera salido más temprano, habrían llegado a tiempo. - If we had studied harder, we might have passed
the test.
Si hubiéramos estudiado más duro, podríamos haber aprobado la prueba. - If you had gone to Brazil, you would have had
lots of fun.
Si tu hubiera ido a Brasil, habrías tenido mucha diversión. - If I hadn't been so busy, I could have helped
you.
Si no hubiera estado tan ocupado, te podría haber ayudado. - If you had phoned me, I would have known you
were here.
Si tu me hubiera telefoneado, habría sabido que estabas aquí. - If they had invited us, we would have accepted
at once.
Si ellos nos hubiera invitado, habríamos aceptado de inmediato. - If she had explained me the problem, I would
have understood it.
Si ella me hubiera explicado el problema, lo habría entendido. - If I hadn't forgotten his number, I would have
phoned him.
Si no hubiera olvidado su número, lo habría llamado. - If it hadn't rained, we would have gone
fishing.
Si no hubiera llovido, habríamos ido a pescar. - If my sister had been here, she would have
enjoyed this.
Si mi hermana hubiera estado aquí, habría disfrutado esto. - If they hadn't drunk so much last night, they
wouldn't have felt sick today.
Si no hubiera tomado tanto anoche, no se habrían sentido enfermos hoy. - If he had worked more, he could have saved
more money.
Si él hubiera trabajado más, podría haber ahorrado más dinero.
TAG QUESTIONS
Los tagquestions
son pequeñas frases o preguntas (mini-questions) que se colocan al
final de una oración afirmativa o negativa y que generalmente tienen como
objetivo confirmar o negar el contenido de la frase misma. Es el equivalente
al ¿verdad? español o al ¿no? más utilizado en países de
América.
|
TRES REGLAS BASICAS
QUE DEBES RECORDAR
|
|
1.
|
Los tagquestions utilizan siempre los
verbos auxiliares.
|
2.
|
Con oraciones afirmativas utilizamos un
tagquestion en NEGATIVO.
|
3.
|
Con oraciones negativas utilizamos un
tagquestion en AFIRMATIVO o POSITIVO.
|
I Am / I Am
not / Are / Aren't / Is/ Isn't
Was / Wasn't / Were / Weren't
- To go to Boston is the best choice, isn't it?
Ir a Boston es la mejor opción, ¿no? - I am on the list of those who have passed the
test, aren't I?
Estoy en la lista de los que aprobaron el examen, ¿no? - Pearl and Nick aren't in position to buy such an
expensive house, are
they?
Pearl y Nick no están en condiciones de comprar una casa tan costosa, ¿no? - I was at the office when Sarah got there, wasn't I?
Yo estaba en la oficina cuando Sarah llegó, ¿no? - It was a great day to go fishing, wasn't it?
Fue un buen día para ir a pescar, ¿no? - Your friends weren't expecting your call, were they?
Tus amigos no esperaban tu llamado, ¿no? - We were having a good time at the party, weren't we?
La estábamos pasando bien en la fiesta, ¿no?
Por favor
recuerda que, en inglés americano y UNICAMENTE en este caso en particular,
para la primera persona del verbo to be se utiliza aren't I?
como equivalente de am I not?:
|
I'm late, aren't I?(Llegotarde,
¿no?)
I'm arriving late at night, aren't I?(Llegaré tarde por la noche, ¿no?) |
Do / Don't /
Does / Doesn't
Did / Didn't
- I don't play tennis very well, do I?
No juego muy bien al tenis, ¿no? - Those musicians play beautifully that song, don't they?
Esos músicos tocan esa canción maravillosamente, ¿no? - Wendy doesn't like coffee at all, does she?
A Wendy no le gusta para nada el café, ¿no? - The room looks great with the new painting, doesn't it?
La habitación se ve maravillosa con el cuadro nuevo, ¿no? - The movie scared you, didn't it?
La película te asustó, ¿no? - Vera came to see you to ask for your advice, didn't she?
Vera vino a verte para pedirte consejo, ¿no? - We didn't come on time to see the festival, did we?
No llegamos a tiempo para ver el festival, ¿no? - Alice and Nick invited you to their wedding, didn't they?
Alice y Nick te invitaron a su casamiento, ¿no?
Have / Haven't
/ Has/Hasn't
Had / Hadn't
- I have chosen the cake you like, haven't I?
He elegido la torta que te gusta, ¿no? - Phillip and Judith haven't been to the World Cup,
have they?
Phillip y Judith no han ido al Mundial, ¿no? - Edith hasn't attended classes lately, has she?
Edith no ha asistido a clase últimamente, ¿no? - The Lord of the Rings has been Tolkien's best
book, hasn't it?
El Señor de los Anillos ha sido el mejor libro de Tolkien, ¿no? - We had seen that woman in the shop, hadn't we?
Habíamos visto a esa mujer en el negocio, ¿no? - Helen hadn't answered all the questions on the
test, had she?
Helen no había respondido todas las preguntas en la prueba, ¿no? - The doctors hadn't seen a case like that before, had they?
Los médicos no habían visto un caso como ése antes, ¿no? - Martin hadn't finished painting the wall, had he?
Martin no había terminado de pintar la pared, ¿no?
Will / Won't
Would / Wouldn't
- You will come to Spain next winter, won't you?
Vendrás a España el invierno próximo, ¿no? - The coffee machine will be soon working, won't it?
La máquina de café estará funcionando pronto, ¿no? - John and Peter won't play this tournament, will they?
John y Peter no jugarán este campeonato, ¿no? - We will be seeing you soon, won't we?
Te veremos pronto, no? - You would work on Sundays, wouldn't you?
Trabajarías los domingos, ¿no? - Mike wouldn't mind if I stayed at home, would he?
A Mike no le importaría que me quedase en casa, ¿no? - This necklace would be perfect for Mary Ann, wouldn't it?
Este collar sería perfecto para Mary Ann, ¿no? - Victor and Wendy wouldn't think of getting
married, would they?
Victor y Wendy no pensarían en casarse, ¿no?
Let's go out
for a walk, shall we?(Salgamos a dar una vuelta, ¿qué
te parece?)
Let'sstudytomorrowmorning, shallwe?(Estudiemos mañana por la mañana, ¿sí?) |
Después del imperativo (do/don't dosomething)
el tag que corresponde es willyou? (en interrogativo AFIRMATIVO). Aquí
tienes algunos ejemplos:
|
Open the door, will you?(Abre la puerta, ¿sí?)
Don't smoke in this room, will you?(No fumes en esta habitación, ¿de acuerdo?) |
|
TAG QUESTIONS
TENSE
|
EXAMPLE
|
AUXILIARY VERB
|
SENTENCES WITH TAG
QUESTIONS
|
|
PRESENT
VERB TO BE
|
IT’S A BEAUTIFUL DAY
MARTHA ISN’T ANGRY
|
|
IT’S A BEAUTIFUL DAY, ISN’T IT?
MARTHA ISN’T ANGRY, IS SHE?
|
|
PAST VERB TO
BE
|
HELEN WAS IN THE SCHOOL
YOU WEREN’T REALLY TIRED
|
|
HELEN WAS IN THE SCHOOL, WASN’T SHE?
YOU WEREN’T REALLY TIRED, WERE YOU?
|
|
´SIMPLE PRESENT
|
YOU ALWAYS WAKE UP EARLY
SHE DOESN’T LIKE LEMONS
|
DO/DOES
|
YOU ALWAYS WAKE UP EARLY, DON’T YOU?
SHE DOESN’T LIKE LEMONS, DO SHE?
|
|
SIMPLE PAST
|
THEY WENT TO THE BEACH
THEY DIDN’ GO TO THE BEACH
|
DID
|
THEY WENT TO THE BEACH,DIDN’T THEY?
THEY DIDN´T GO TO THE BEACH, DID THEY?
|
|
FUTURE
|
PETER WIL ARRIVE LATE
PETER WON’T ARRIVE LATE
|
WILL
|
PETER WILL ARRIVE LATE, WON’T HE?
PETER WON’T ARRIVE LATE, WIIL HE?
|
|
CAN
|
DIANA CAN’T SING
DIANA CAN SING
|
CAN
|
DIANA CAN’T SIGN, CAN SHE?
DIANA CAN SIGN,
CAN’T SHE?
|
|
COULD
|
WE COULD DO THE HOMEWORK TOGETHER
|
COULD
|
WE COULD DO THE HOMEWORK TOGETHER,COULDN’T WE?
|
|
WOULD
|
I WOULDN’T BUY THIS DRESS FOR MY MOMMY
|
WOULD
|
I WOULN’T BUY
THIS DRESS FOR MY MOMMY, WOULD I?
|
|
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
|
THEY ARE PLAYING SOCCER RIGHT NOW
|
IS/AM/ARE
|
THEY ARE PLAYING SOCCER RIGHT NOW, AREN´T THEY?
|
|
PRESENT PERFECT
|
SHE HAS PASSED HER EXAMS
|
HAVE/HAS
|
SHE HAS PASSED HER EXAMS,HASN’T SHE?
|
|
PAST PERFECT
|
YOU HAD PLAYED BASEBALL YESTERDAY
|
HAD
|
YOU HAD PLAYED BASEBALL YESTERDAY, HADN’T YOU?
|
|
IMPERATIVE
|
LET'S STUDY TOMORROW MORNING
|
SHALL,WE
|
LET'S STUDY TOMORROW MORNING, SHALL WE?
|
|
IMPERATIVE
|
OPEN THE DOOR
DON'T SMOKE IN THIS ROOM
|
WILL
YOU
|
OPEN THE DOOR,
WILL YOU?
DON´T SMOKE IN THIS ROOM, WILL YOU?
|
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario